Iwe unojairana nehurongwa, asi Yakanyanya Kurongwa (XP yepfupi) ichiri chidimbu chechakavanzika kwauri.
Usaite kuti zita racho rikuremekedze, unogona kurasikirwa neruzivo runobatsira.
Muchikamu chino, tichavhara zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Extreme Programming kuti iwe ugone kuishandisa kune yako mukana.
Yakanyanyisa programming isoftware yekuvandudza nzira iyo iri chikamu cheicho inozivikanwa pamwe chete seagile nzira. XP yakavakirwa pahunhu, misimboti nemaitiro uye chinangwa chayo ndechekugonesa zvikwata zvidiki uye zvepakati kuti zvigadzire software yemhando yepamusoro uye ienderane kune zvinogara zvichichinja uye nekushanduka zvinodiwa.
Chii chinosiyanisa XP kubva kune dzimwe agile nzira ndeyekuti XP inosimbisa tekinoroji maficha ekuvandudza software. Yakanyanya hurongwa ndeyechokwadi nezve mashandiro anoita mainjiniya sekutevera maitiro einjiniya anobvumira zvikwata kuendesa emhando yepamusoro kodhi nekumhanya kwakasimba.
Kunyanya kuronga ndiko, muchidimbu, maitiro akanaka anotorwa kusvika pakunyanyisa. Sezvo zvirongwa zvevaviri zvakanaka, ngatizviitei nguva dzese. Sezvo kuyedzwa kumberi kwakanaka, tinoyedza kodhi yekugadzira isati yatonyorwa.
XP, kusiyana nedzimwe nzira, yakavakirwa pahunhu nemisimboti yakakosha uye yakakosha, maererano nemaitiro einjiniya.
Hunhu hunopa chinangwa kuzvikwata. Ivo vanoita se "nyeredzi yekuchamhembe" kutungamira sarudzo dzako padanho repamusoro. Nekudaro, izvo zvakakosha ndezvekufungidzira uye zvakanyanya fuzzy kune chaiyo nhungamiro. Semuenzaniso: Kutaura kuti unokoshesa kutaurirana kunogona kutungamira kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana.
Tsika, neimwe nzira, zvinopesana netsika. Iwo ari kongiri uye pasi pasi, defikuseta zvakanangana zvekuita. Tsika dzinobatsira zvikwata kuzvidavirira pamusoro pezvakakosha. Semuyenzaniso, tsika yeruzivo nzvimbo dzebasa dzinosimudzira kutaurirana kwakajeka uye kuri nyore.
Misimboti nhungamiro yakanangana nedomasi inovhara mukaha uripo pakati pemaitiro nehunhu.
XP kukosha: kutaurirana, nyore, mhinduro, ushingi uye ruremekedzo. Ngatitarisei mumwe nomumwe wavo zvakadzama.
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kutaurirana: Kushaikwa kwekutaurirana kunodzivirira ruzivo kubva mukuyerera mukati mechikwata. Kazhinji, kana pane dambudziko, mumwe munhu anotoziva kugadzirisa. Asi kushaikwa kwekurukurirano kunovadzivisa kudzidza pamusoro pechinetso kana kupa mupiro mukuchipedza. Saka, dambudziko rinoguma ragadziriswa kaviri, richigadzira tsvina.
Zviri nyore: Kupfava kunotaura kuti unogara uchiedza kuita chinhu chiri nyore kwazvo chinoshanda. Inowanzo kusanzwisiswa uye inotorwa sechinhu chakareruka, nguva, kusazvidza chikamu che "chinoshanda".
Izvo zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti kuve nyore kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ezvinhu. Izvo zviri nyore kune rimwe timu zvakaoma kune imwe uye zvinoenderana zvachose nehunyanzvi, ruzivo uye ruzivo rwechikwata chimwe nechimwe.
Feedback: Mhinduro mune mamwe echinyakare, cascading software yekuvandudza nzira dzinowanzo "shoma, kunonoka".
XP, zvisinei, inombundira shanduko uye XP zvikwata zvinovavarira kuwana panguva uye nguva dzose mhinduro. Kana kosi kururamisa kuchidikanwa, XPers vanoda kuziva nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.
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Mhinduro inouya mumhando dzakawanda uye hukuru. Paunenge wadyidzana hurongwa, mhinduro kubva kune waunoshanda naye imhinduro yakakosha. Ndizvo zvakaitawo maonero edzimwe nhengo dzechikwata pane imwe pfungwa, kusanganisira mutengi uyo, zvamazvirokwazvo, inhengo yechikwata.
Miedzo ndiyo imwe sosi yemhinduro yakakosha inodarika mhinduro dzebvunzo. Kunyangwe kunyora bvunzo kuri nyore kana kwakaoma, ndizvo zvakaitawo mhinduro. Kana uine dambudziko rekunyora bvunzo, purojekiti yako ingangove yakaoma zvakanyanya. Teerera kune mhinduro uye gadzirisa dhizaini yako.
Chimwe chinhu chinonzwika sepfungwa huru chinogona kusashanda zvakanaka mukuita. Nekudaro, kodhi yakapedzwa zvakare sosi yemhinduro, sezvakaita chigadzirwa chakagoverwa.
Pakupedzisira, ramba uchifunga kuti kune mhinduro yakawandisa. Kana timu ikaburitsa mhinduro yakawanda kupfuura yainokwanisa kubata, mhinduro yakakosha inogona kudonha kubva paradar. Saka zvakakosha kuti udzike uye uone kuti chii chiri kukonzera kuwanda kwemhinduro uye kugadzirisa.
Courage: Kent Beck defiushingi hunobuda se "chiito chinoshanda mukutarisana nekutya". Seinjiniya yesoftware, une zvakawanda zvekutya uye saka yakawanda mikana yekuratidza ushingi.
Zvinoda ushingi kuti utaure chokwadi, kunyanya chisingafadzi, sekufungidzira kwechokwadi. Kupa uye kugamuchira mhinduro kunodawo kushinga. Uye zvinoda kushinga kudzivirira kuwira mukudonha kwemutengo wakanyura uye kurasa mhinduro yekutadza iyo yakawana mari yakawanda.
Kuremekedza: Chinhu chakakosha che XP ndechekuti munhu wese ane hanya nebasa rake. Hapana huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwekuita hunogona kuchengetedza chirongwa kana pasina hanya uye ruremekedzo.
Wese munhu akakodzera kuremekedzwa nekuremekedzwa, uye izvo zvinosanganisira, chokwadi, vanhu vanobatanidzwa muchirongwa chekugadzira software. Kana iwe nenhengo dzechikwata chako muchiremekedza nekuchengetana, mutengi, chirongwa uye vashandisi varo venguva yemberi, munhu wese anobatsirwa
Misimboti inopa nhungamiro yakananga kupfuura tsika. Iwo nhungamiro inovhenekera hunhu uye hunoita kuti huve pachena uye husina kujeka.
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Somuenzaniso, kwakavakirwa paukoshi hwoushingi hwoga, ungagumisa kuti kune mufungo kuita chinjo huru murudungwe rwako pakarepo. Nekudaro, iyo Baby Steps musimboti inotiudza kuti shanduko huru dzine njodzi. Saka, sarudza zviduku pane.
Hunhu: Vanhu vanogadzira software yevanhu, chinhu chinowanzofuratirwa. Asi tichifunga nezvezvido zvevanhu zvakakosha, masimba uye utera zvinogadzira zvigadzirwa izvo vanhu vanoda kushandisa. Uye nzvimbo yebasa inokupa iwe mukana wekugutsikana uye kukura, kunzwa kwekudiwa uye kuchengeteka kwekutanga, inzvimbo yaunofunga zviri nyore zvinodikanwa zvevamwe.
Economics: MuXP, zvikwata zvinogara zvichiteerera kune chokwadi chehupfumi chekuvandudza software, kugara uchiongorora njodzi dzehupfumi uye zvinodiwa zveprojekiti.
Semuyenzaniso, ivo vaizoshandisa nyaya dzemushandisi zvinoenderana nemutengo wavo webhizinesi kwete kunetsekana nehunyanzvi.
Kubatsirana: Mushure meXP, unodzivirira mhinduro dzinobatsira rimwe bato nekurasikirwa kwerimwe. Semuyenzaniso, mafungidziro akawedzerwa anogona kubatsira mumwe munhu kuti azvinzwisise, asi zvinokukanganisa kuishandisa uye kunonotsa kune vashandisi vako.
Mhinduro yekubatsirana ndeye kushandisa otomatiki bvunzo dzekugamuchira. Wana mhinduro ipapo pakuita kwako, vezera rako vanowana chaiwo maratidziro mukodhi, uye vashandisi vanowana maficha avo kutanga. Uyezve, imi mose muchave neneti yekuchengetedza kurwisa regressions.
Benefit (Mutual Benefit): Kana mhinduro yakapihwa ikashanda pamwero mumwe, inogona zvakare kushanda pamwero wepamusoro kana wakaderera. Semuenzaniso, kukurumidza uye nguva dzose mhinduro iri panjodzi kune akasiyana madhigirii muXP.
Kuvandudza: Zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekuvandudza, zvikwata hazvivavarire kuita zvakakwana mukutanga kuita, asi kuita izvo zvakanaka zvakakwana, uye zvino ramba uchidzidza nekuzvivandudza nemhinduro kubva kuvashandisi chaivo.
Kusiyana-siyana: Iwe nevamwe vaunoshanda navo munobatsirwa kubva mukusiyana kwemaonero, hunyanzvi uye maitiro. Kusiyana kwakadaro kunowanzokonzera kukakavara, asi ndizvozvo.
Kupokana uye kusawirirana mikana yekuti mazano ari nani abude kana munhu wese achitamba nehunhu hwehushingi neruremekedzo. Ushingi hwekutaura pfungwa dzinopikisa, ruremekedzo mukuataura nenzira yehurumende uye inonzwira tsitsi. Uye zvese izvi ibasa rekutaurirana rinoshanda.
Kufungisisa: Zvikwata zvikuru zvinofungisisa nezvebasa ravo uye kuongorora maitiro ekuita nani. XP inopa mikana yakawanda yeizvi. Kwete chete mukufamba kwayo kwevhiki nekota, asi mukuita kwese kunosimudzira.
Manzwiro akakosha kufunga nezvekuwedzera kune zvine musoro kuongorora. Ura hwako hunogona kukuzivisa iwe usati wafunga nezve chero chinhu. Uye saka anogona kutaura nevanhu vasiri tekinoroji, vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo inovhura mikana mitsva zvachose.
Kuyerera: Nzira dzechinyakare dzekuvandudza software dzine zvikamu zvakasiyana, zvinogara kwenguva yakareba uye zvine mukana mudiki wemhinduro uye kosi kugadzirisa. Panzvimbo iyoyo, kuvandudza kwesoftware muXP kunoitika muzviitiko zvinoramba zvichiitika, mune inowirirana "rukova" rwekukosha.
Mukana: Matambudziko haadzivisike mukuvandudza software. Nekudaro, dambudziko rega rega mukana wekuvandudza. Dzidza kuvatarisa nenzira iyi uye iwe unonyanya mukana wekuuya nekugadzira uye ine chinangwa-yakatarisana mhinduro dzinobatsirawo kudzivirira kuti zvisaitike zvakare.
Redundancy: Nheyo yekubvisa basa inotaura kuti kana dambudziko rakapihwa rakakosha, unofanirwa kushandisa nzira dzakawanda kurirwisa.
Tora kukanganisa. Hapana nzira imwe chete inogona kudzivirira kukanganisa kwese kutiza kugadzirwa.
Saka mhinduro yeXP ndeyekuisa seti yematanho emhando. Pair programming, kuedza, kuenderera mberi kubatanidzwa. Imwe neimwe mutsara mumwechete wekudzivirira, pamwe chete rusvingo rusingapindiki.
Kukundikana: kukundikana hakusi kutambisa kana ichiturikira muruzivo. Kuita uye nekukurumidza kudzidza izvo zvisingashande zvakanyanya kubereka pane kusaita kunokonzerwa nekusagadzikana pakusarudza pakati pezvakawanda zvingasarudzwa.
Hunhu: Vanhu vanowanzofunga kuti pane dambudziko pakati pemhando nekumhanya.
Ndiyo imwe nzira yakatenderedza: kusundira kuti uvandudze mhando ndiko kunoita kuti uende nekukurumidza.
Semuenzaniso, refactoring - kushandura chimiro chekodhi pasina kushandura maitiro ayo - itsika inoita kuti kodhi ive nyore kunzwisisa uye kuchinja. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iwe haugone kuunza kukanganisa kwekodhi, izvo zvinokutendera kuti upe kukosha kwakawanda kutanga nekusagadzirisa tsikidzi.
Matanho madiki: Kuchinja kukuru kune ngozi. XP inoderedza njodzi iyoyo nekuita shanduko mumatanho madiki, pamatanho ese.
Vagadziri vanonyora kodhi mumatanho madiki vachishandisa bvunzo-inofambiswa kusimudzira. Vanobatanidza kodhi yavo mune mainline kakawanda pazuva, pachinzvimbo chemavhiki mashoma kana kunyange mwedzi. Iyo purojekiti pachayo inoitika muzvikamu zvipfupi pane zvenguva refu.
Basa rakagamuchirwa: Mu XP, basa rinofanirwa kugamuchirwa, harina kupihwa.
Kuzvidavirira kunofanira kuuya nemvumo yekuita sarudzo pamusoro pezvaunotarisira. Zvakapesana ndezvechokwadiwo. Iwe haudi kuti vanhu vaite sarudzo kana vasingafanirwe kurarama nemhedzisiro yavo.
Yakanyanya hurongwa, kuve agile nzira, inogona kugamuchirwa uye kutanga kuitora pasina kutevedzera hurongwa hwakaoma. Uku ndiko dhizaini inodzokororwa kwete purojekiti hombe yekutanga.
XP inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kumaitiro echinyakare, i.e. cascading, kudzivirira zvikamu zvinogara kwenguva refu.
XP yakasiyana sei nedzimwe nzira dzekare?
Yakanyanya hurongwa, nehunhu hwayo, ine zvakawanda zvakafanana nedzimwe nzira dzekare asi zvakare dzakasiyana pakati padzo.
Dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzekusimudzira hadzitauri zvakawanda, kana paine, nezvekuita kuti basa riitwe. XP, kune rumwe rutivi, ine pfungwa zvakanyanya kana zvasvika kune izvi uye inoisa simbiso huru pane software engineering maitiro.
Scrum chimiro chekubatsira zvikwata kugadzira mapurojekiti akaomarara nenzira inochinja. Scrum haitauri kuti vagadziri vanoita basa ravo sei. XP, sezvataurwa, inoisa zvakanyanya kukoshesa maitiro akanaka ekuronga.
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Zvakare, XP iri pachena nezve hurongwa. Scrum, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuiswa kune chero purojekiti inobatsira kubva kune iterative maitiro.
XP inogamuchira shanduko kuzvikamu zvayo. Zvikwata zvinopihwa simba uye zvinotokurudzirwa kugadzirisa maitiro zvichienderana nezvavanoda chaizvo. The Scrum Guide, kune rumwe rutivi, yakaomerera kuti "Kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zveScrum chete zvinogona kushandiswa, mhedzisiro haisi Scrum."
Zvakare, Scrum chimiro chinoda kuwedzeredzwa nemaitiro uye maitiro kuti basa riitwe.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kushanda mukunyanyisa hurongwa uye Scrum inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya.
Sekureva kwaKent Beck, timu yakura XP haifanire kugovera mabasa akaomarara, asi ziva kuti mabasa anogona kubatsira zvikwata zvichangotanga kudzamara vatanga kudzikira kana kuita kuti kubatana kunetse.
Ngatitarisei mamwe mabasa akakosha:
Aya ndiwo maitiro akatorwa muXP. Iwo akakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu makuru: software engineering, nzvimbo yebasa uye manejimendi eprojekiti.
Pair programming: Mu XP, iwe unonyora kodhi mune vaviri vaviri vakagara pamushini. Iwe nevaviri vako munotaura mese pamunenge muchiongorora, kushandisa, uye kuyedza chimiro chamuri kushanda nacho. Pair programming yakanyanya kunaka pakugadzira kodhi ine tsikidzi shoma uchiri kuita, kunakidza, uye kuneta.
Maminitsi gumi muganhu: Inodiwa Inobvumira maminetsi gumi kuvaka purojekiti yese, kusanganisira kumhanyisa ese otomatiki bvunzo, mumaminitsi gumi epamusoro. Muganho uyu ndewekuchengeta kuyedzwa kuri nyore uye kunoshanda.
Miedzo pamberi pechirongwa: shandisa maficha uchishandisa bvunzo-yekutanga nzira, inonziwo Test-driven development (TDD). TDD ine budiriro uchishandisa yakapusa iterative maitiro:
TDD inounza zvikomborero zvakati.
Kutanga, mhinduro. Kana zvakaoma kunyora bvunzo, dhizaini yauri kutsvaga kana yawakagara nhaka pamwe yakanyanya kuoma uye unofanirwa kuirerutsa.
Kechipiri, TDD inobvumira vanogadzira mapurogiramu kuvimba nekodhi yavanonyora uye inogadzira yakanaka looping rhythm apo nhanho inotevera inogara yakajeka.
Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, kushandisa TDD kubva pakutanga kunovimbisa 100% kodhi yekuvhara. Iyo test suite inobva yanyatsoita mambure ekuchengetedza shanduko yenguva yemberi, ichikurudzira kudzokorora kodhi uye kugadzira denderedzwa rakanaka remhando.
Kuwedzera kugadzira: Tsika yekuwedzera dhizaini inoreva kuti iwe unofanirwa kuisa mari mudhizaini yako yekushandisa mazuva ese, uchitsvaga mikana yekubvisa kudzokorodza uye kugadzirisa diki diki kuti uwane yakanakisa dhizaini yezvinodiwa nesystem yako nhasi.
Kuenderera mberi kubatanidzwa: MuXP, iwe unobatanidza basa rako mune huru yakagovaniswa repository kakawanda pazuva, zvichikonzera kuvakwa otomatiki kwehurongwa hwese. Kubatanidza kare uye kakawanda sezvinobvira kunoderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekubatanidza sezvo zvichiita kuti kusanganiswa uye kukakavara kunonzwisisika kusanyanya kuitika. Inofumurawo nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye zvekupindwa muropa.
Kodhi yakagovaniswa (muridzi wese): XP inosimudzira kodhi yakagovaniswa, kana humiridzi hwese: mugadziri wega wega ane mutoro kune ese kodhi. Inokurudzira shanduko yeruzivo, inoderedza timu yebhazi chinhu uye inowedzera huwandu hwese hwemodule yega yega kana tikafunga musimboti wekusiyana.
Single CodeBase: Single codebase inozivikanwawo se "trunk-based development". Zvinoreva kuti pane tsime rimwe chete rechokwadi. Saka pachinzvimbo chekukura uri wega kwenguva yakareba, batanidza mipiro yako kuita rwizi rumwechete kutanga uye kazhinji. Feature flags inobatsira kudzikamisa kushandisa kwako maficha kusvika apera.
Kugoverwa kwezuva nezuva: kutumirwa mukugadzira kamwechete pazuva mhedzisiro inonzwisisika yekuenderera mberi kwekubatanidzwa:. Muchokwadi, nhasi, zvikwata zvakawanda zvinotoenda mberi uye kudzidzira kuenderera mberi kwekuita. Ndokunge, pese kana munhu ajoinha mainline, application yacho inoiswa mukugadzira.
Code uye miedzo: Iyi tsika inoreva kuti sosi kodhi, kusanganisira bvunzo, ndiyo yega yechigarire yakagadzirwa yepurojekiti yesoftware. Kuita mukugadzirwa kwemamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa, kusanganisira zvinyorwa, zvinowanzoparadza nekuti hazviburitse kukosha chaiko kumutengi.
Kana iwe uchida zvimwe zvigadzirwa kana zvinyorwa, ita nhamburiko yekuzvigadzira kubva kukodhi yekugadzira uye bvunzo.
Root cause analysis: Pese kana chikanganiso chikapinda mukugadzirwa, usangogadzirisa kukanganisa. Ita shuwa kuti unoona kuti chii chazvikonzera pakutanga, nei iwe nevaunoshanda navo matadza kudzivirira skid. Zvadaro, tora matanho kuti uone kuti hazviitike zvakare.
Garai pamwe chete: Mu XP, zvikwata zvinosarudza kushanda pamwechete munzvimbo yakashama. Tsika iyi inosimudzira kutaurirana uye pfungwa yekuva wechikwata.
Chikwata chose: Wese munhu anodiwa kuti chirongwa chibudirire chikamu cheboka reXP. Izvi zvine chimiro chepamusoro - chakasiyana kune chimwe nechimwe chikwata - uye chine simba, chinogona kuchinja mukati mechikwata.
Nzvimbo dzekushandira ruzivo: Nzvimbo yebasa yeruzivo inoshandisa nzvimbo yechikwata kuratidza ruzivo rwunobvumira chero munhu kuziva, nekungotarisa, kufambira mberi kweprojekiti. Maitirwo azvo anogona kusiyana, kubva pane zvinyorwa zvemuviri uye magirafu kusvika kumifananidzo inoratidza Kanban mabhodhi uye dashboards kubva kuprojekiti manejimendi software.
Basa rine simba: Mu XP, unongoshanda chero bedzi uchikwanisa kuita basa rakasimba. Maawa ekushanda anofanirwa kuganhurwa kusvika ku40 pasvondo, yakawanda.
ongororo- Nyora zvinodiwa nemushandisi nenzira inozivikanwa sekuongorora kwemushandisi. Ongororo yemushandisi ine zita pfupi, rinotsanangura uye zvakare tsananguro pfupi yezvinoda kuitwa.
usimbe: Paunenge uchironga kutenderera, wedzera mabasa madiki anogona kusiiwa nechikwata kana zvichidiwa. Dzimwe nyaya dzinogona kuwedzerwa nguva dzose kana timu ikapa yakawandisa.
Cycles (pamwedzi nevhiki): Budiriro muXP inoitika muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: kutenderera kwevhiki uye kutenderera kwemwedzi.
Misangano, mitsetse, yakarongwa kuburitswa: Kubudirira muXP kunoshanda muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: kutenderera kwevhiki uye kutenderera kwekota. Pakutanga, Kent Beck akakurudzira kutenderera kwemavhiki maviri, asi akachinja muchikamu chechipiri chebhuku rake.
Weekly cycle: kutenderera kwevhiki ndeye "pulse" yepurojekiti yeXP. Kutenderera kunotanga nemusangano umo mutengi anosarudza nyaya dzaanoda kugadzira mukati mesvondo. Pamusoro pezvo, timu inoongorora basa ravo, kusanganisira kufambira mberi kwesvondo rapfuura, uye inofunga nezve nzira dzekuvandudza maitiro avo.
Mwedzi wega wega: Mwedzi wega wega, timu inoratidza uye inozivisa mikana yekuvandudza mukuita kwavo. Mutengi anosarudza dingindira rimwe chete kana anopfuura emwedzi iwoyo, pamwe chete neongororo iri mumadingindira aya.
Maitiro ekutanga kushanda neakanyanya programming?
Unyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye XP maitiro anogona kuve akaoma kudzidza. Mamwe maitiro anogona kuita seasinganzwisisike kune vanogadzira mapurogiramu vasina kujaira kwavari.
Ercole Palmeri
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