YeWeb3, kuvanzika ndiyo nzou muchitoro chekristaro. Iri panguva imwe chete simba guru rekriptovalite, richienda pamwe chete nemisimboti yedecentralization uye kusazivikanwa.
Nehurombo, iyi zvakare inyaya isinganzwisisike zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso vazhinji vanoona "kuvanzika" kwekriptovalty sechikonzero chekupa mari magandanga uye mari yekubira. Icho chokwadi chekuti crypto Twitter inodada nezvayo anon culture (tsika dzisingazivikanwe) uye kuti vezvenhau kazhinji (nemaune kana kusaziva) vanosimbisa kusarura uku hakubatsiri kupedza mafungiro aya.
Nekuti kuvanzika kweWeb3 ipfungwa inosanganisa zvese, kubata pane zvese kubva patsoko profile mifananidzo kusvika ku encryption uye. Zero Knowledge Proofs, hazvibatsiri kutaura pamusoro pazvo muhuwandu uye kuita zvisarudzo zvechimbichimbi. Pane kudaro, tinofanira kuedza kuputsa musoro wenyaya kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.
Ngatiedzei kuona iyo Web3 "yakavanzika" zvivakwa zvakakamurwa kuita matatu akasiyana mazinga:
Network-level kuvanzika ndiko uko kwese kutengeserana kwe cryptocurrencypane network yakapihwa blockchain, inovimbiswa nekuvanzika kuburikidza nepasi pemvumo nzira dze blockchain, uye network-level dhizaini sarudzo.
Iyi pfungwa yekuvanzika ine midzi muprotocol Bitcoin uye mune yake pfungwa yekusazivikanwa "wallet kero" se160-bit cryptographic hashes. Apo Bitcoin pachayo ine kutengeserana kwakajeka, uko chero mushandisi anogona kuongorora chero kutengeserana kunetiweki yayo, misimboti yedhizaini yekuendesa matunhu uye kusazivikanwa kwe. Bitcoin pasina mubvunzo akakurudzira simba rekufambisa shure kwekuvandudzwa kwe "network-level privacy" uye blockchain tarisa pakuvanzika.
Imwe yemapurojekiti anotungamira kumisikidza network-level kuvanzika ndeye Monero, a blockchain zvichibva pakuvanzika kwakagadzirwa muna 2014. Kusiyana neBitcoin, Monero inovanza zvese zvikwama zvevashandisi uye kutengeserana kumashure “Ring Signatures", uko vashandisi mukati me "ring" yakapihwa vanogona kuwana imwe siginecha yeboka uye vanoshandisa iyo siginecha yeboka kusaina kutengeserana. Nekudaro, kune chero kupihwa kutengeserana paMonero network, tinogona kungotaura kuti yakabva kune rimwe boka, asi isu hatizive mushandisi muboka iro akasaina kutengeserana. Muchidimbu, iyi inzira ye "kuvanzika kweboka," uko vashandisi vanojoinha mapoka kuti vaone kuvanzika kwemunhu wese.
Imwe purojekiti inobata nzvimbo imwechete iyi iZCash, piyona wekutanga wemhando yeZero Knowledge Proofs inonzi zk-SNARKs. Pfungwa yakakosha kuseri kweZero Knowledge Proofs ndeyekuti inzira yekuratidza kuti chimwe chinhu ichokwadi pasina kuburitsa rumwe ruzivo (izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwako uye kuvanzika).
Muenzaniso wakapfava weZero Knowledge Proof is a gradescope autograder. Iwe unofanirwa "kuratidza" kuti wakaita mabasa eCS nemazvo, asi hazvifanirwe kutaurirana kuneautograder mamwe mashoko pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekodhi. Pane kudaro, theautograder tarisa "ruzivo" rwako nekumhanyisa nhevedzano yemakesi ebvunzo akavanzika uye kodhi yako inofanirwa kuenderana ne "inotarisirwa" kubuda kweiyoautograder Gradescope. Nekufananidza "zvinotarisirwa" zvakabuda, unogona kupa zero-ruzivo humbowo hwekuti waita mabasa pasina kuratidza kuita chaiko kwekodhi.
Panyaya yeZCash, nepo kutengeserana kuri pachena nekukasiradefiChekupedzisira, vashandisi vanogona kusarudza kushandisa aya "Zero Knowledge Proofs" kugadzira zvakavanzika zvekutengesa. Kana mushandisi achida kutumira kutengeserana, anogadzira meseji yekutengeserana inosanganisira kero yeruzhinji yeanotumira, kero yeruzhinji yeanogamuchira uye mari yekutengeserana, obva aishandura kuita zk-SNARK uchapupu, ndicho chinhu chete. inotumirwa kune network. Iyi zk-SNARK humbowo ine ruzivo rwese rwunodiwa kuratidza huchokwadi hwekutengeserana, asi haiburitse chero ruzivo rwekutengeserana pachako. Izvi zvinoreva kuti network inogona kusimbisa kutengeserana pasina kuziva kuti ndiani akaitumira, ndiani akaigamuchira kana mari inobatanidzwa.
Pasinei nekusiyana kwavo mukugadzira nekuita, kune zvese Monero uye ZCash transaction zvakavanzika zvinovimbiswa pamwero we blockchain, kuitira kuti zvese zvinobatika zviitike pane network zvinongo vimbiswa kuve zvakavanzika. Iyi vimbiso yekuvanzika inogona kushungurudzwa nyore nevanoita zvakaipa kuita mari zvisiri pamutemo, zviitiko zvehugandanga, uye kutengesa zvinodhaka, uye Monero inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuzivikanwa kwayo paRima Webhu [6]. Uyezve, sezvo Monero nemamwe "mari ega ega" anofanana nekuita kwemari zvisiri pamutemo, izvi zvinobvisa vashandisi vanoshandisa "mari yekuvanzika" iyi kubva mukunetsekana kwekuvanzika zviri pamutemo, zvichikonzera kusarudzika kwemhinduro kunongokonzera hupfumi hwepasi pevhu hunokuvadza.
Uku ndiko kukanganisa kukuru kwekupa network-level kuvanzika: inzira yezvese-kana-hapana mukugadzira, uko kune zero-sum trade-off pakati pekujeka kwekutengeserana uye kuvanzika kwechiitiko ichi. Izvo chaizvo nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekujeka uku kuti "network-level kuvanzika" inokwevera hasha kubva kune vanodzora, uye nei akati wandei makuru epakati cryptocurrency exchanges, akadai Coinbase, Kraken uye Huobi vakabvisa Monero, ZCash uye mamwe ekuvanzika mari munzvimbo dzinoverengeka. .
Imwe nzira yekuvanzika ndeyekuona "protocol-level kuvanzika," uko pachinzvimbo chekuvharira zvakavanzika kutengeserana muchikamu chekubvumirana chetiweki. blockchain, isu tinogadzira ma transactions epachivande pa "protocol" kana "application" inoshanda pa blockchain stay.
Kubva pane yekutanga network blockchain, kufanana neBitcoin, yakanga ine hurongwa hushoma, kugadzira "protocol level privacy" kwaive kwakaoma zvikuru kuita, uye zvaive nyore kuforoma network yeBitcoin uye kushandisa zvakavanzika kubva pakutanga nenzira itsva. blockchain uye "mari yekuvanzika". Asi nekuuya kweEthereum uye nekukwira kwe "smart contracts," izvi zvakavhura nzira itsva yezvibvumirano zvekuchengetedza zvakavanzika.
Mumwe wemienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa ye "protocol-level privacy" iTornado Cash, inova dhizaini application (dApp) paEthereum iyo "inoshuffles" kutengeserana mudziva kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvanzika kwekutengeserana - zvakada kufanana nepfungwa kune Monero "musanganiswa ” nemhomho yevanhu ichisvika.
Iyo Tornado Cash protocol, mumashoko akareruka, inosanganisira matanho matatu makuru:
Nehurombo, muna Nyamavhuvhu 2022, Tornado Cash yakatemerwa chirango nehurumende yeUS, sezvo Hofisi yeKune dzimwe nyika Kudzora (OFAC) yaiti matsotsi ekuNorth Korea aishandisa protocol kubira mari dzakabiwa. Nekuda kwekuputsika uku, vashandisi veUS, mabhizinesi nemanetiweki havachakwanisa kushandisa Tornado Cash. Stablecoin inopa USDC Circle yakaenda nhanho imwe mberi, ichiomesa mari inodarika zviuru makumi manomwe nezvishanu zvemadhora yakabatana neTornado Cash kero, uye GitHub yakadzima Tornado Cash developer accounts.
Izvi zvakakonzera dutu remakakatanwa mu crypto sphere, sezvo vazhinji vakakakavara kuti vazhinji vevashandisi vanoshandisa Tornado Cash nokuda kwekutengeserana kwekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwepachivande, uye kuti vashandisi veprotocol havafaniri kurangwa nokuda kwemabasa akaipa ediki. vashoma. Asi zvinonyanya kukosha, nokuti Tornado Cash i "protocol-level privacy" paEthereum, panzvimbo ye "network-level privacy" mhinduro, kukanganisa uye kuparara kwave kuchingogumira kune iyi protocol paEthereum network pane kukanganisa network yose. , kusiyana neMonero neZCash, Ethereum haina kubviswa neCoinbase nekuda kwezvirango izvi.
Imwe nzira ye "protocol-level privacy" yakaunzwa neAztec Network inotarisa pa "rollups" kuchengetedza mari yemushandisi uye kutsigira kutengeserana kwakavanzika. Chigadzirwa chikuru cheAztec ndicho zk.money , iyo inoshandisa 2-level yakadzika inodzokororwa Zero Ruzivo Uchapupu hwese kuyera uye kuvanzika. Yekutanga ZKP inoratidza kurongeka kwekutengeserana kwakachengetedzwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti kutengeserana kwacho kwaive kwakavanzika uye kuti pakanga pasina ruzivo rwakaburitswa. Yechipiri ZKP inoshandiswa pakurongedza pachayo, kuitira kuti iunganidze computation yemabheti ekutengeserana pamwe chete uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvekutengesa zvaitwa nemazvo.
Nepo rollup-based "protocol-level privacy" mhinduro dzichiri muhucheche, dzinomiririra shanduko inotevera ye "protocol-level privacy" mhinduro. Mukana wakakosha wekugadzirisa mhinduro pamusoro pedApp-based "protocol-level privacy" mhinduro seTornado Cash ndiko kukura kwavo kukuru, sezvo basa remakomputa rinorema rinoitwa zvakanyanya kure-ketani. Uyezve, nekuti yakawanda yekutsvagisa yakangotarisana chete nekuwedzera komputa, kuchine nzvimbo yakakwana yekuongorora mukushandisa uye nekuwedzera kweaya matekinoroji munzvimbo yekuvanzika.
Nzira yechitatu yekufungidzira kuvanzika muWeb3 ndeyekuongorora "kuvanzika kwevashandisi," uko vimbiso yekuvanzika inopihwa kune yega data remushandisi pane kutarisisa data remushandisi. Pane ese "netiweki" uye "protocol" mazinga, tinoona dambudziko rinogara richiitika revashoma vanoita zvakaipa (senge rima web transactions uye mari yekubira mari) vachipesvedzera network uye kushandiswa kweprotocol kune vazhinji vasina mhosva vanongofunga nezve zvakavanzika zvavo. yedata remunhu.
Crux ye "user-level privacy" ndeyekuti nekutarisa kune wega vashandisi venetiweki pachezvayo, isu tinoita "yakanangwa" fomu yekusefa uko vashandisi nemakero asina kunaka vakasununguka kutaurirana pachivande netiweki. blockchain, nepo vashandisi vane hutsinye vanogona kusefa nekukurumidza. Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, iri ibasa rakaoma, kufamba mutsetse wakanaka pakati pekujeka uye kuvanzika. Iyi mushandisi-centric maonero ekuvanzika zvakare inoburitsa gakava rose (uye indasitiri) nezve basa uye remangwana redecentralized identity (dID) iri padhuze uye yakabva kuWeb3 kuvanzika nyaya. Nekupfupika, ini handisi kuzokurukura nyaya yeKYC uye yechokwadi muWeb3.
Muono wakakosha we "user-level privacy" ndeyekusunungura uye kudzoreredza hukama pakati pemushandisi pachake nemakero echikwama chake pacheni, sezvo kero dzechikwama dziri maatomu anozivisa pane network. blockchain. Zvakakosha, kune mepu imwe-kune-yakawanda kubva kuvashandisi kuenda kumaketani: vashandisi vanowanzo kudzora anopfuura kero yechikwama panetiweki yega yega. blockchain yavanodyidzana nayo. Iyi ipfungwa ye "on-chain identity fragmentation". Naizvozvo, iyo crux ye "user-level kuvanzika" ndeyekutsvaga nzira yakachengeteka yekumepu yevashandisi' personal identifiable information (PII) kune zvese izvi zvakakamurwa pa-chetani identity.
Basa rakakosha panyaya iyi iNotibook Labs, rinotsvaga kushandisa Zero Knowledge Proofs kubatanidza zvitupa zvakakamurwa pamwe chete nePII yemushandisi, ichipa vimbiso dzinotevera:
Nepo iyo cryptographic chaiyo yeprotocol iri pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi, Notebook Labs inoratidza maviri emisimboti e "user-level kuvanzika": kukosha kwekugadzirisa kufungidzira kwehukama pakati pehuwandu hweakaparadzaniswa zvitupa pa-cheni nevashandisi vevanhu. yenyika chaiyo, pamwe chete nebasa rakakosha reZero Knowledge Proofs mukuunganidza nekubatanidza zvese izvi zvitupa pamwechete.
Stealth walletsImwe mhinduro iri kubuda kumubvunzo we "user-level privacy" ipfungwa ye"stealth wallets“. Zvakare, pfungwa ye "stealth wallets” anotora mukana we-on-chain identity kupatsanurwa, zvichitora mukana wekuti mushandisi anowanzo aine zvinopfuura imwechete pa-chetani identity. Kusiyana neTornado Cash uye mamwe "protocol-level privacy" mhinduro, iyo inoedza kuvharidzira data rekutengesa pacharo, Stealth Kero dzinoedza kuvharidzira kuti vanhu chaivo vari kuseri kweanotumira uye anogamuchira kero. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitwa nekutsvaga algorithm yekukurumidza uye otomatiki kugadzira "kamwechete-kushandisa wallet" yekutengeserana kwemushandisi.
Musiyano wakakosha wepfungwa pakati pe "stealth wallet” uye mhinduro dzekuvanzika dzakakurukurwa pamusoro senge Monero neTornado Cash ndeyekuti iyi haisi nzira ye “kuvanzika muboka revanhu”. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusiyana neTornado Cash, iyo inogona kungopa vimbiso yekuvanzika kwechinyakare tokeni kutamiswa senge ETH, zvikwama zvekubira zvinogona kupawo vimbiso dzekuchengetedza niche tokens uye NFTs, kana yakasarudzika pa-cheni midziyo isina ivo "boka revanhu" sanganisa mu. Zvisinei, kusvika ikozvino nhaurirano pamusoro pezvikwama zvekuvharira paEthereum yakaramba iri muchikamu chezvinyorwa, uye kubudirira kwekushandiswa uye migumisiro yepamutemo yeiyi itsva tekinoroji mhinduro ichiri kuonekwa.
BlogInnovazione.it
Coveware neVeeam icharamba ichipa cyber kubira chiitiko mhinduro masevhisi. Coveware ichapa forensics uye kugadzirisa kugona…
Kufanofungidzira kugadzirisa kuri kushandura chikamu cheoiri & gasi, nemaitiro matsva uye akasimba ekutarisira zvidyarwa.…
Iyo UK CMA yakapa yambiro nezvemaitiro eBig Tech mumusika wehungwaru hwekugadzira. Ikoko…
Chirevo che "Case Green", chakagadzirwa neEuropean Union kuti chiwedzere kushanda nesimba kwezvivakwa, chapedza hurongwa hwayo hwemutemo ne…