Izimiso Zokuklama Amaphethini vs SOLID, izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Amaphethini wedizayini ayizixazululo eziqondile ezisezingeni eliphansi zezinkinga eziphindaphindayo ekwakhiweni kwesoftware.

Amaphethini wedizayini ayizixazululo ezisebenziseka kabusha ezingasetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi.

Isikhathi sokufunda esilinganiselwe: 5 imizuzu

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-Design Patterns kanye nezimiso ze-SOLID

1. Iphethini yokuklama:
   • Izixazululo Eziqondile: Amaphethini wedizayini ayizisombululo eziqondile, ezisezingeni eliphansi ezinkingeni eziphindelelayo ekwakhiweni kwesoftware.
   • Imininingwane Yokusetshenziswa: Nikeza ngemihlahlandlela ebambekayo yokusebenzisa yokuxazulula izinselele ezivamile zokuhlela ezigxile entweni.
   • Izibonelo: Amanye amaphethini edizayini aziwayo ahlanganisa i-Singleton, Indlela Yefekthri, namaphethini e-Adaptha.
   • Ukuphepha: Amaphethini okuklama ayahlolwa futhi amukelwa kabanzi umphakathi, okuwenza aphephe ukuwalandela.
2. Izimiso eziqinile:
   • Izinkombandlela ezijwayelekile: Izimiso ze-SOLID ziyiziqondiso ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezazisa ukuklanywa kwesofthiwe okuhle.
   • I-scalable architecture: Bagxila ekulinganiseni, ekulondolozeni, nasekufundekeni.
   • Ayiboshelwe olimini: Izimiso ze-SOLID aziboshelwe kunoma yiluphi ulimi lohlelo oluthile.
   • Izibonelo:
     • Umgomo Wesibopho Esiwodwa (SRP): Ikilasi kufanele libe nesizathu esisodwa kuphela sokushintsha.
     • Isimiso sokuvula/sokuvala (i-OCP): Amabhizinisi esofthiwe kufanele avulelwe ukunwetshwa kodwa avalwe ukuze alungiswe.
     • I-Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP): Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kufanele zithathelwe indawo ngezinhlobo zazo eziyisisekelo.
     • I-Interface Segregation Principle (ISP): Amaklayenti akufanele aphoqwe ukuthi ancike ezindaweni angazisebenzisi.
     • Isimiso Sokuncika Kwe-Dependency Inversion (DIP): Amamojula asezingeni eliphezulu akufanele ancike kumamojula asezingeni eliphansi; kokubili kufanele kuncike ezintweni ezingaziwa.

Kafushane, amaphethini edizayini anikeza izixazululo ezithile, kuyilapho izimiso ze-SOLID zinikeza imihlahlandlela evamile yokuklama isofthiwe engcono

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa Amaphethini Omklamo

• Ukusebenziseka kabusha: Amaphethini wedizayini ayizixazululo ezisebenzisekayo ezingasetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi. Ngokusebenzisa amaphethini amisiwe, onjiniyela bonga isikhathi nomzamo, njengoba bengadingi ukusungula kabusha isondo lezinkinga ezivamile.
• Defii-architecture: Amaphethini edizayini ayasiza deficwenga ukwakheka kwesistimu yesoftware. Banikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuxazulula izinselele ezithile zedizayini, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokugcinwa.
• Flessibilità: Izifanekiso zivumela ukuguquguquka ekuzivumelaniseni nezidingo eziguqukayo. Uma izici ezintsha noma izinguquko zidingeka, onjiniyela bangashintsha noma banwebe izifanekiso ezikhona ngaphandle kokuphazamisa lonke uhlelo.

Ububi bokusebenzisa Amaphethini Wokuklama

• Ijika lokufunda: Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amaphethini okuklama kudinga ulwazi nolwazi. Abathuthukisi be-Novice bangase bakuthole kunzima ukuqonda imiqondo futhi bakhethe imodeli efanele yenkinga ethile.
• Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile: Ukuba namaphethini edizayini atholakala kalula kungaholela embonweni oyiphutha wokuthi zonke izinkinga zingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa amaphethini akhona. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezifanekiso kungakhawulela ubuciko futhi kuvimbele ukusesha kwezixazululo ezingcono, eziqanjiwe.
• Inkimbinkimbi- Amanye amaphethini edizayini ethula ubunkimbinkimbi obengeziwe kusisekelo sekhodi. Onjiniyela kufanele bathole ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenzisa amaphethini ngempumelelo nokwenza ikhodi iqondakale.

Kafushane, amaphethini edizayini anikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile mayelana nokusebenziseka kabusha, ukuklama nokuvumelana nezimo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kufanele kube okuhlakaniphile ukuze kugwenywe inkimbinkimbi engadingekile futhi kukhuthaze ukusungula.

Isibonelo Sephethini Yomklamo ku-Laravel: I-Singleton

Iphethini yokuklama ye-Singleton iqinisekisa ukuthi ikilasi linesibonelo esisodwa kuphela futhi linikeza iphuzu elilodwa lokungena. Ku-Laravel, le modeli ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuphatha izinsiza ezifana noxhumo lwesizindalwazi noma izilungiselelo zokumisa.

Nasi isibonelo esiyisisekelo sokuqaliswa kwephethini ye-Singleton ku-PHP:

<?php
ikilasi likaSingleton {
i-private static $ instance = null;

umsebenzi oyimfihlo __kwakha() {
// Umakhi ozimele ukuvimbela ukuvela okuqondile
}

I-public static function getInstance(): self {
uma (null === self::$instance) {
self ::$isimo = i-self();
}
buyisela ngokwakho::$isibonelo;
}

// Ezinye izindlela nezakhiwo zingangezwa lapha
}

// Ukusetshenziswa:
$singletonInstance = Singleton::getInstance();
// Manje unesibonelo esisodwa sekilasi le-Singleton

// Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa ku-Laravel:
$database = DB::uxhumano('mysql');
// Buyisa isibonelo sokuxhunywa kwesizindalwazi (singleton)

Kukhodi yesampula:

• Ikilasi le-Singleton linomakhi ozimele ukuze avimbele ukwenzeka okuqondile;
• Indlela ye-getInstance() iqinisekisa ukuthi kunesibonelo esisodwa kuphela sekilasi;
• Ungangeza ezinye izindlela nezakhiwo ekilasini le-Singleton njengoba kudingeka;

Isiqukathi sesevisi ye-Laravel siphinde sisebenzisa iphethini ye-Singleton ukuze silawule ukuncika ekilasini futhi senze umjovo wokuncika. Uma usebenza ngaphakathi kwe-Laravel, cabanga ukusebenzisa isitsha sayo sesevisi nokubhalisa ikilasi lakho nomhlinzeki wesevisi ukuze uthole amacala okusetshenziswa athuthuke kakhulu.

Ercole Palmeri