Menene Laravel, yadda yake aiki da gine-gine na asali don ƙirƙirar aikace-aikacen WEB

Laravel tsarin gidan yanar gizo ne na tushen PHP don gina manyan aikace-aikacen gidan yanar gizo, ta amfani da kalmomi masu sauƙi amma masu ƙarfi.

Tsarin Laravel PHP ya zo tare da tarin kayan aikin, kuma yana ba da tsarin gine-gine ga aikace-aikacen da aka samar. Tsarin tushen tushen tushen PHP ne, ta amfani da gine-ginen MVC:

• tsarin: shine tarin hanyoyin, azuzuwan ko fayilolin da mai tsara shirye-shirye ke amfani da su, kuma yana iya fadada ayyukansu ta amfani da lambar sa.
• Gine-gine: shine ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙira wanda tsarin ke bi. Laravel yana bin tsarin gine-ginen MVC.

mvc

Gagararre wanda ya haxa da haruffa uku, ma’anar ita ce kamar haka:

• M: Samfura. Samfurin aji ne wanda ke ma'amala da bayanan bayanai. Misali idan muna da masu amfani a cikin aikace-aikacen to za mu sami samfurin masu amfani wanda ke kula da tambayar masu amfani da tebur, idan muna da samfurin masu amfani to mu ma za mu sami tebur masu amfani.
• V: Duba. A view aji ne da ke kula da duk abin da za mu iya gani game da aikace-aikace a cikin browser.
• C: Masu kula. Mai sarrafawa shine tsaka-tsaki wanda ke kula da duka samfurin da kallo. Mai sarrafawa shine ajin da ke debo bayanai daga samfurin kuma ya aika zuwa ajin kallo.

Amfani da fasali

Ƙirƙirar izini da tsarin tabbatarwa

Kowane mai aikace-aikacen yanar gizo dole ne ya tabbata cewa masu amfani mara izini ba sa samun damar albarkatu masu kariya. Laravel yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don aiwatar da tabbatarwa. Hakanan yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don tsara dabaru na izini da sarrafa damar samun albarkatu.

Haɗin kai tare da kayan aiki

An haɗa Laravel tare da kayan aikin da yawa waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar sauri. Ba wai kawai ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar mai sauri. Haɗin kai tare da caching backend yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matakai don haɓaka aikin aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.An haɗa Laravel tare da wasu shahararrun caching backends kamar Redis da Memcached.

Haɗin sabis na saƙo

An haɗa Laravel tare da sabis na saƙo. Ana amfani da wannan sabis ɗin don aika imel na sanarwa. Yana ba da API mai tsabta da sauƙi wanda ke ba ku damar aika imel da sauri ta hanyar kan-gida ko sabis na tushen girgije.

Gwajin sarrafa kansa

Gwajin samfur yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa software ɗin tana aiki ba tare da kurakurai, kwari da faɗuwa ba - duk lokacin da aka fitar da sabon sigar. Mun san cewa gwaji ta atomatik yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da gwajin hannu, musamman don gwajin rashin dawowa. An haɓaka Laravel tare da gwaji a zuciya shima.

Rabuwar lambar dabaru na kasuwanci daga lambar gabatarwa

Rabuwar lambar dabaru na kasuwanci da lambar gabatarwa ta ba da damar masu tsara shimfidar HTML su canza kamanni da jin ba tare da yin hulɗa da masu haɓakawa ba. Masu haɓakawa na iya gyara kwaro cikin sauri idan an samar da rabuwa tsakanin lambar dabaru na kasuwanci (Mai kula) da lambar gabatarwa (Duba). Mun san cewa Laravel yana bin tsarin gine-ginen MVC, don haka rabuwa shine mabuɗin.

Gyara mafi yawan raunin fasaha na yau da kullum

Laravel amintaccen tsari ne kamar yadda yake kare aikace-aikacen gidan yanar gizo daga duk raunin tsaro. Rashin lahani yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'amuran ci gaban aikace-aikacen yanar gizo. Ƙungiyar Amirka ta OWASP Foundation, defiyana haifar da manyan lahani na tsaro kamar allurar SQL, buƙatar jabu, rubutun rubutu, da sauransu.

CRON: Shirye-shiryen daidaitawa da ayyukan gudanarwa

Aikace-aikacen WEB koyaushe suna buƙatar hanyoyin tsara ayyuka don tsarawa da aiwatar da ayyuka akan lokaci. Misali, lokacin da za a aika imel zuwa masu biyan kuɗi ko lokacin da za a tsaftace tebur na bayanai a ƙarshen rana. Don tsara ayyuka, masu haɓakawa suna buƙatar ƙirƙirar shigarwar Cron don kowane ɗawainiya, da mai tsara umarnin Laravel defiya ƙare tsarin umarni.

Ƙirƙirar aikin Laravel

Don ƙirƙirar aikin Laravel na farko, kuna buƙatar samun Composer shigar. Idan babu shi akan injin ku, ci gaba da shigar da shi kamar yadda aka bayyana a labarinmu akan mawaki.

Bayan haka ƙirƙirar sabon kundin adireshi a cikin tsarin ku don sabon aikin ku na Laravel. Na gaba, kewaya zuwa hanyar da kuka ƙirƙiri sabon kundin adireshi, kuma ku gudanar da umarnin ƙirƙirar aikin composer create-projectta hanyar buga umarni mai zuwa:

composer create-project laravel/laravel myex-app

Wannan umarni (Sigar 9.x) ya ƙirƙira aikin mai suna myex-app

Ko za ku iya ƙirƙirar sababbin ayyuka Laravel duniya installing mai sakawa na Laravel hanya Composer:

composer global require laravel/installer
laravel new myex-app

Bayan ƙirƙirar aikin, fara uwar garken ci gaban Laravel na gida ta amfani da umarnin serve Dell 'Artisan CLI ta Laravel:

php artisan serve

Bayan fara uwar garken ci gaba Artisan, aikace-aikacenku za su kasance a cikin mai binciken gidan yanar gizon ku a http://localhost:8000. Yanzu, kun shirya don amfani Laravel. Tabbas, kuna iya kuma so ku kafa bayanan bayanai.

Tsarin aikace-aikacen a Laravel

Tsarin Laravel shine ainihin tsarin manyan fayiloli, manyan fayiloli da fayilolin da aka haɗa cikin aikin. Da zarar an ƙirƙiri aiki a Laravel, za mu iya ganin tsarin aikace-aikacen kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton babban fayil ɗin Laravel:

Gyara

Babban fayil ɗin saitin ya haɗa da daidaitawa da sigogi masu alaƙa, waɗanda ake buƙata don aikace-aikacen Laravel yayi aiki da kyau. Fayilolin daban-daban da aka haɗa a cikin babban fayil ɗin saitin an jera su a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa. Sunayen fayil suna wakiltar iyakar daidaitawa.

database

Wannan jagorar ya ƙunshi sigogi daban-daban don ayyukan bayanai. Ya haɗa da kundin adireshi uku:

• Tsaba: ya ƙunshi azuzuwan da aka yi amfani da su don bayanan gwajin naúrar;
• Hijira: Ana amfani da wannan babban fayil don tsarawa da daidaita tsarin DB tare da aikace-aikacen;
• Masana'antu: Ana amfani da wannan babban fayil don samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan bayanai.

Jama'a

Tushen folda ce ke taimakawa wajen fara aikace-aikacen Laravel, watau farkon aikace-aikacen. Ya ƙunshi fayiloli da manyan fayiloli masu zuwa:

• htaccess: fayil ɗin da ke ba da saitunan uwar garke;
• javascript da css: sun ƙunshi duk fayilolin albarkatun aikace-aikacen Laravel;
• index.php: fayil ɗin da ake buƙata don fara aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.

Aikace-Aikace

Jagorar albarkatun ya ƙunshi fayiloli waɗanda ke haɓaka aikace-aikacen yanar gizo. Babban manyan fayilolin da aka haɗa a cikin wannan kundin adireshin da manufarsu:

• kadarorin: babban fayil ya haɗa da fayiloli kamar LESS da SCSS, waɗanda suka zama dole don salon aikace-aikacen gidan yanar gizo;
• lang: sun haɗa da daidaitawa don ƙaddamarwa ko ciki;
• ra'ayoyi: su ne fayilolin HTML ko samfuri waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da masu amfani da ƙarshen kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gine-ginen MVC.

Storage

Wannan shine babban fayil ɗin da ke adana duk rajistan ayyukan da fayilolin da ake buƙata lokacin da aikin Laravel ke gudana. A ƙasa akwai manyan fayilolin da aka haɗa a cikin wannan jagorar da manufarsu -

• app: wannan babban fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi fayilolin da ake kira a jere;
• tsarin: ya ƙunshi zaman, caches da ra'ayoyi waɗanda ake kira akai-akai;
• Logs: Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da ke gano matsalolin lokacin gudu, musamman duk keɓantacce da rajistan ayyukan kuskure.

gwajins

Duk shari'o'in gwajin naúrar suna kunshe a cikin wannan jagorar. Sunan azuzuwan shari'ar jarabawa shine raƙumi_case kuma yana bin ƙa'idar suna bisa la'akari da ayyukan ajin.

mai sayarwa

Laravel ya dogara ne akan abubuwan dogaro da aka sarrafa mawaki, misali don shigar da saitin Laravel ko haɗa da ɗakunan karatu na ɓangare na uku, da sauransu.

Babban fayil ɗin mai siyarwa ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan dogaro na mawaki.

Ercole Palmeri